![]() Diaphorina citri has been shown, albeit experimentally, to transmit Laf in laboratory conditions (Massonie et al., 1976). In Africa, Las was reported for the first time in Ethiopia in 2010 (Saponari et al., 2010) but its primary vector D. citri was not detected until 2020 (Ajene et al., 2020a). Las has been reported in Asia, and North and South America since 2004 (Grafton-Cardwell et al., 2013 Halbert & Manjunath, 2004 Hall et al., 2013). Las is closely related to Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (Lam) and Candidatus Liberibacter africanus (Laf), a bacterium that is transmitted by Trioza erytreae (Hemiptera: Triozidae), a pest widespread in East and Southern African highlands (Rasowo et al., 2019). The most significant impact of D. citri on citrus, however, is the transmission of the phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), the causal pathogen of Huanglongbing (Bové, 2006). Additionally, the production of honeydew by the insect on the plant leads to sooty mold growth, which reduces the photosynthetic activity and productivity of trees. Heavy citrus tree infestation by D. citri hampers the normal development of flush shoots, thus making them more likely to break off. The feeding activities of D. citri cause direct damage to plants such as curling of the leaves (Grafton-Cardwell et al., 2006). In conclusion, D. citri populations in eastern Africa have different sources, as the Kenyan and Tanzanian populations probably originated from southeastern Asia, while the Ethiopian population most probably originated from the Americas.ĭiaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), commonly known as the Asian citrus psyllid, is currently found in tropical and subtropical Asia, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Reunion, Mauritius, parts of South and Central America, the United States of America, Mexico and the Caribbean (Grafton-Cardwell et al., 2006), Tanzania (Shimwela et al., 2016), Kenya (Rwomushana et al., 2017) and Ethiopia (Ajene et al., 2020a) in East Africa, and Nigeria in West Africa (Oke et al., 2020). The mitogenomes from Kenya/Tanzania/China had 99.0% similarity, and the Ethiopia/USA had 99.9% similarity. The two genetic clusters inferred from genotype data were congruent with mitochondrial sequence data. Genotype data grouped the D. citri populations from Kenya and Tanzania in one cluster, and those from Ethiopia formed a separate cluster. Additionally, five new complete mitogenomes of D. citri collected in China, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and the USA were analyzed in the context of publicly available sequences. Population structure and differentiation of D. citri populations from China, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and the USA were assessed using 10 microsatellite loci. This study assessed the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of the pest to gain insights into the potential sources of its introduction into Africa. Diaphorina citri has been reported in Kenya, Tanzania, and more recently in Ethiopia. ![]() worldwide, as it acts as a vector for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the bacterial pathogen that causes citrus Huanglongbing. The Asian citrus psyllid ( Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) is a key pest of Citrus sp. ![]()
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